Decentralisation of Wildlife Conservation in Tanzania: Analysing Stakeholders' Power Relationship in Makao Wildlife Management Area

Abstract

This paper examined power devolution in Makao Wildlife Management Area (WMA) using the descriptive research design. Three villages, Jinamo, Mwabagimu, and Makao, were purposively selected out of seven villages. The data collection method included questionnaires (281 heads of households), key informant interviews (9), focus group discussions (1 in each village), and a literature review. Results showed that WMA actors were internal (local community) and external (State agencies and investors). External actors were powerful and influenced most decisions in WMA, hence the lack of power devolution. Results further showed that the state remains a very authoritative player in all decision-making processes where stakeholders in the whole process are practically powerless, and formations of Authorised Associations do not empower the local communities. The study found several effects of power disparities like limited resource access, ineffective conflict resolution, insufficient enforcement of regulations and reduced accountability. This study recommends advocacy for local 'community empowerment to minimise power disparity among WMA actors through legal and policy reforms.