Land Re-Classification and Conflicts Proliferation in Selected Villages of Kasulu District Kigoma Tanzania

Abstract

This study examined how land re-classification following the de-gazettement of Makere South Forest Reserve has shaped land governance failures and the proliferation of land-use conflicts in Kagerankanda Ward, Kasulu District. Guided by a political ecology framework, the study sought to: analyze how allocation procedures influence community perceptions and conflicts; assess the contribution of boundary ambiguities to land disputes; and examine how unmet livelihood benefits fuel grievances and mistrust toward authorities. A mixed-methods case study design was employed, drawing on household surveys (n=120), key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary reviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative evidence underwent thematic analysis and triangulation. Results indicate that opaque land allocation procedures, elite capture, and inconsistent implementation of the presidential directive intensified mistrust and competing claims between communities and state agencies. Boundary ambiguities, contradictory maps, and coercive enforcement further escalated tensions, while unmet livelihood expectations particularly employment opportunities deepened perceptions of exclusion. The study concludes that land-use conflicts in the area stem from structural governance failures. It recommends harmonization of boundaries, transparent allocation processes, strengthened accountability mechanisms, participatory planning, and inclusive benefit-sharing frameworks to rebuild trust and enhance equitable land governance.