Socioeconomic Determinants of Primary School Drop Out: The Logistic Model Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61538/ajer.v4i1.467Abstract
This paper attempts to examine the socioeconomic determinants of primary school dropout in Uganda with the aid of a logistic model analysis using the 2004 National Service Delivery Survey data. The Objectives were to establish the household socioeconomic factors that influence dropout of pupils given free education and any possible policy alternatives to curb dropout of pupils. Various logistic regressions of primary school dropout were estimated and these took the following dimensions; rural-urban, gender, and age-cohort. After model estimation, marginal effects for each of the models were obtained. The analysis of the various coefficients was done across all models. The results showed the insignificance of distance to school, gender of pupil, gender of household head and total average amount of school dues paid by students in influencing dropout of pupils thus showing the profound impact Universal Primary Education has had on both access to primary education and pupil dropout. Also the results vindicated the importance of parental education, household size and proportion of economically active household members in influencing the chances of pupil dropout. The study finally calls for government to; keep a keen eye on non-school fees payments by parents to schools as these have the potential to increase to unsustainable levels by most households especially in rural areas; roll-out adult education across the entire country; and expand free universal education to secondary and vocational levels as it would allow some of those who can not afford secondary education to continue with schooling. This has the effect of reducing the number of unproductive members in the household.References
Appleton, S., (2001). “What can we expect from Universal Primary Education?†In R. Reinikka and P. Collin (eds.), Uganda’s Recovery: The Role of Farms, Firms, and Government. Fountain Publishers, Kampala Uganda.
Astone, N.M., & McClanahan, S.S. (1991). “Family structure, parental practices, and high school completion,†American Sociological Review, 56, 309-320.
Balihuta M. Arsene and Ssemogerere G., (1995). Education & Poverty in Uganda. Department of Economics, Makerere University.
Bategeka L., Ayok M., & Mukungu A., (2004). Financing primary Education for All: Uganda. Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.
Begi J., Moraa (2000).Determinants of enrollment of Girls in Secondary Schools in Kenya. MA Economic Policy and Management Dissertation, Makerere University.
Behrman, Jere, Andrew Foster, Mark Rosenzweig, and Prem Vashishtha. (1999). “Women’s Schooling, Home Teaching, and Economic Growth.†Journal of Political Economy, 107
(4).
Bergensen T. and Heuschel M., (2003). Helping students finish school: Why students dropout and how to help them graduate. The office of superintendents of public instruction, Olympia Washington.
Bickel, R. & Papagiannis, G. (1988). “Post-high school prospects and district-level dropout rates,†Youth & Society, 20, 123-147.
Bjorg C., 2004. Education and Ethnic Minorities in Denmark. PhD Dissertation, Aalborg University.
Bowditch, C. (1993). “Getting of troublemakers: High school discipline procedures and the production of dropout,†Social Problems, 40, 493-509.
Chernichovsky Dov, (1985). Socioeconomic and Demographic Aspects of School Enrollment and Attendance in Rural Botswana, by Economic Development and Cultural Change. The Chicago University Press.
Clark, S., L. (1992). Rural Education or Education in Rural Areas. Doctoral Thesis, James Cook University pp. 23-29.
Durdhawale V. (2004). Scenario of Primary School Attendance: A Study Less Development States in India. Seminar Paper Submitted for the Partial fulfillment of the Master in Population Studies. International institute for Population Sciences, Deemed University.
FAWE, (2000) Regional Ministerial Consultation on Closing the Gender Gap in Education: Curbing Dropout. Kampala, Uganda.
Filmer, D. and Pritchett, L. (1999). “The effects of Household Wealth on Educational Attainment: Evidence from 35 countries,†Population and Development, Vol. 25.
Foster, E. M., and S. McLanahan (1996): “An Illustration of the Use of Instrumental Variables:
Do Neighborhood Conditions Affect a Young Person’s Chance of Finishing High School?†Psychological Methods, 1(3), 249–260.
Fergany, N. (1994). Survey of access to primary education and acquisition of basic literacy skills in three Governorates in Egypt. Cairo: UNICEF.
Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fuller, Bruce and Xiaoyan Liang, (1999). “Which girls stay in school? The influence of family economy, social demands, and ethnicity in South Africa.†In Critical Perspectives on Schooling and Fertility in the Developing World. Eds. Caroline H. Bledsoe, John B. Casterline, Jennifer A. Johnson-Kuhn, and John G. Haaga. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Gomes, N. (1984). “Family Size and Educational attainment in Kenya.†Population and Development Review, Vol. 10(4): 647-660.
Government of Uganda (1999). Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Process. Perspectives of the Poor. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Kampala.
Haddad D., 1979. Educational and Economic Effects of Promotion and Repetition Practices. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank, Washington DC.
Hess, R.S. & D’Amato, R.C. (1996) “High school completion among Mexican American children: Individual and familial risk factors,†School Psychology Quarterly, 11, 353-368.
Holmes, J. (2003), “Measuring the Determinants of School Completion in Pakistan: Analysis of Censoring and Selection Biasâ€. Economics of Education Review 22.
Horn, L., (1992). A Profile of Parents of Eighth Graders: National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Statistical Analysis Report. Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, Office of Education Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, July 1992
International Labour Organization, (2003). Investing in every child: An economic study of costs and benefits of eliminating child labour. International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), Geneva.
Kakande M., & Nakwadda R., (1993). A report on A Study of Factors Influencing Access to & Attendance of Primary Education. Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning, Kampala, Uganda.
Kakuru D. Muhwezi (2003). Gender Sensitive Educational Policy and Practice: Uganda Case study. International Bureau of Education
Kasente D. (2003). Gender and Education in Uganda: A Case Study for Monitoring Report. Makerere University.
Leclercq, F. (2001). “Patterns and Determinants of Elementary School Enrolment in Rural North Indiaâ€, Working paper, TEAM-CNRS, Universite de Paris 1, Paris, France.
Lloyd C. B., Sahar El Tawila, Clark H W., & Mensch S. B., (2001). Determinants of Educational Attainment Among Adolescents in Egypt: Does School Quality Make a Difference? No. 150
Lloyd C. B. and Mench B., (2006). Early Marriage & Pregnancy as factors in School Dropout: An Analysis of DHS Data from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Mafatle H., Tebello (2000). Determinants of Women Enrollment at University level in Uganda. MA Economic Policy and Management. Dissertation, Makerere University.
Mann, D. (1989)"Effective Schools as a Dropout Prevention Strategy." NAASP Bulletin 73/518 (1989):77-83.
Mann, D. (1986) "Can We Help Dropouts? Thinking About the Undoable." In School Dropouts: Patterns and Policies, edited by G. Natriello. New York: Teachers College Press, 1986, 15.
Mingat A., Jee-PengTan, and Sosale S., (2003). Tools for Education Policy Analysis: The World Bank. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington DC.
Ministry of Education and Sports, (1995). Factors affecting participation of female students in secondary schools in Uganda. INSSTEP Project, Ministry of education and Sports (MoES), Kampala
Ministry of Education and Sports, (1999). Implementing Universal Primary Education. Effects on Schools, Communities, and Pupils. Education Planning Department, Kampala, Uganda.
Ministry of Education and Sports, (2003). Technical Note on Primary Repetition, Survival, and Completion Rates before and after Universal Primary Education (UPE) in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda.
Ministry of Education and Sports (2005). A Comprehensive Analysis of Basic Education in Uganda. Education Planning Department, Kampala, Uganda
Ministry of Education and Sports (2005). Uganda Education Statistics Abstract. Education Planning Department, Kampala, Uganda
Ministry of Education and Sports (2006). Uganda Education Statistics Abstract. Education Planning Department, Kampala, Uganda
Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development, (1995-2005): Annual Budget Performance. Several Series. Kampala, Uganda
Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development, (2005): Uganda Poverty Status Report. Kampala, Uganda
Nishimura, M., Yamano, T. and Sasaoka, Y. (2008). Impacts of the Universal Primary Education Policy on Education attainment and Private Costs in Rural Uganda. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol 28, Issue 2, Pgs 161-175.
Nyanzi L (2002). Gendering Education Policy: The Uganda Case. Women’s Worlds 2002. Conference Paper.
Odaga O. and Heneveld W., (1995). Girls and schools in Sub-Saharan African from Analysis to Action. The International Bank for Reconstruction / World Bank, Washington DC.
OERI Urban Superintendents Network (1987). Dealing with dropouts: The urban superintendents call to action. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
Okidi, J. S. Ssewanyana, L. Bategeka and F. Muhumuza (2004). "Operationalizing Pro-Poor Growth: Uganda Case Study". Economic Policy Research Center, Kampala. Mimeo. Paper prepared in the context of the OPPG program.
Okumu M. Ibrahim (2006). Institutional determinants of primary school education in UPE schools in Uganda: a logistic model analysis. Unpublished Master of Arts in Economics Research Paper, Makerere University, Uganda.
Pallas, A. M. (1987). School dropouts in the United States Washington, DC: Center for Education Statistics. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service N. ED. 283 119).
Rumberger, W. R., (1983). “Dropping Out of High School: The Influence of Race, Sex, and Family Background.†American Educational Research Journal Vol 20, pg 199-220.
Rumberger, W. R., (1987). “High School Dropouts: A Review of Issues and Evidence.†Review of Educational Research Vol 57, pg 101-121.
Rumberger, R. W., Ghatak, R., Poulos, G., Ritter, P., and Dornbusch, S. M., (1990). Family influences on dropout behavior in one California high school. Sociology of Education, Vol 63, pg 283-299.
Rumberger W. R., (2001). Who Drops Out of School and Why? Paper prepared for the National Research Council, Committee on Educational Excellence and Testing Equity Workshop. Washington DC.
SARPN, (2005). Letting them fail: Government neglect and the right to education for children affected by AIDS. Human Rights Watch. Volume 17, No. 13(A).
Suet-Ling, P., (1996) "School Participation of Children from Single-Mother Families in Malaysia," Comparative Education Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 231-249.
Swada Y., and Lokshin M., (2001). “Household Schooling Decisions in Rural Pakistanâ€. Policy Research Working paper series no.2541. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics, (2004). Uganda National Service Delivery Survey Report, 2004 UBOS, Entebbe,
Uganda.
Uganda Bureau of Statistics, (2002/03). Uganda National Household Survey: A report on the socioeconomic survey. UBOS, Entebbe, Uganda.
Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Report, (2000). Learning from the Poor. Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development, Kampala Uganda.
UNICEF (1999). Strategy for girls’ education. UNICEF, Kampala Uganda.
Vo Tri Thanh and Trinh Quang Long, (2005). Can Vietnam achieve one of its Millennium Development Goals? An analysis of schooling dropouts of children. William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 776.
World Bank, (2005). World Development Report: Investment, Climate, Growth, and Poverty. World Bank Publications, Page 68.
