Prosecution of Wildlife Crimes in Tanzania: Assessing Legal Challenges

Abstract

This article assesses the legal challenges associated with prosecuting wildlife crimes in Tanzania. Despite Tanzania’s comprehensive statutory framework for wildlife protection and conservation, prosecutorial outcomes remain weak, thereby undermining deterrence and conservation objectives. The article argues that there is institutional fragmentation, evidentiary mismanagement, procedural burdens, particularly the application of the Economic and Organised Crime Control Act [Cap. 200, R.E.2023] and the lack of prosecutorial and judicial specialization erode the certainty and swiftness of sanctions. These systemic deficiencies result in delayed trials, inconsistent sentencing, and frequent dismissal of cases, thereby neutralising the severity of statutory penalties. Using a doctrinal methodology, the article recommends early prosecutorial engagement, procedural recalibration away from the Act for wildlife offences, institutional consolidation or clearer harmonisation of powers, and the establishment of specialised prosecutorial or court divisions. Implementing these reforms would align Tanzania’s wildlife crime enforcement regime with deterrence imperatives, enhance the effectiveness and legitimacy of wildlife offence prosecutions, and strengthen public confidence in national conservation governance. By drawing on practical experience and context-specific reform pathways, this article contributes to ongoing efforts to combat wildlife crime and strengthen environmental governance in Tanzania.