Impact of Policy and Legal Reforms on a Pastoral System in Lower Kagera Sub-Basin, North Western Tanzania
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61538/huria.v16i16.1Abstract
 A socio-economic study was conducted in the lower Kagera sub-basin in North Western Tanzania to assess the impact of land-use policies and legal reformson pastoral system. Questionnaire surveys and PRA approaches were employed to collect data in four districts: Muleba, Missenyi, Karagwe and Ngara in Kagera region. The main economic activities in the study area were small hold farming (74%), agro-pastoralism (48%) and pastoralism (4%). The majority own between 1 and 2 acres of land, held under customary regimes (60.3. There were experienced increasing land shortages (69.2%) mainly attributed to unfavourable legal and policy framework (96.4%). The main constraint faced by pastoralists was shortage of grazing land (52.9%). The structures established to administer land resources and resolve land-use conflicts were reported to be ineffectual. The area is facing increasing land-use conflicts that involve farmers against pastoralists, farmers against farmers, farmers against investors, and farmer against government agencies. A number of newly introduced policies and laws aiming at commercialization of pastoral system had led to expropriation of customary lands to new investors. The pastoral systems are now on transition, and increasingly becoming sedentarized. There are emerging commercial investors who were partitioning communal grazing lands and converting them into commercial ranches. In order to cope with changes it is recommended the interventions that will intensify the pastoral system by increasing both rangeland and livestock productivity and ensure sustainable rangeland health in Kagera sub- basin.ÂReferences
Anderson, T. L. and Hill P. J. (1975). The evolution of property rights: A study of the American west. Journal of law and Economics18(1): 153 – 179 Baxter, P. T. W. (1994). Pastoralists are People: Why development for pastoralists not the development of pastoralism? In Morton J and N. Meadows, 2000. Pastoralism and sustainable livelihoods: An emerging agenda. Policy Series 11. NRI, University of Greenwich, London. 50 pp. Behnke R. H. (1994). Natural Resource Management in Pastoral Africa. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. pp 60 – 87 Benjaminsen, T. A. and C. Lund (2003). Securing land rights in Africa. London. Frank lass. www.nai.uu.se/Publications/benjaminsen-staastad. p15 Bianco, A. L. (2006) Land tenure rights and practices of pastoralists and its implication on poverty reduction: A comparative study of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Tanzania. FAO, 97 pp Brenner, R. (1983). History : The Human Gamble. Chicago. University of Chicago Press. 269 pp Bromley, D. W. (Ed), (1992). Making the Commons Work. San Francisco. ICS Press. 463 pp. Bruce, J. W. and S, E, Migot-Adholla (1994) Searching for land tenure security in Africa. Kendall/Hunt; 282 pp.
Impact of Policy and Legal Reforms on Pastoral System L. J. A. Kisoza
Bruns, B. R. and R. S. Meinzen-Dick (2000). Negotiating water rights. London. IT Press. 314 pp Demsetz, H. (19670). Toward a theory of property rights. American Economic Review. 73 (1): 347 – 359. EIU, (2006). Country profile Tanzania and Comoros 2005 – 2006. Economic Intelligence Unit. 68 pp. EIU, (1997). Country profile Tanzania 1998-1997. Economic Intelligence Unit. 71 pp FAO/GEF (2007) Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Programme for theKagera River Basin (Kagera TAMP). Pp 177 Galaty, J. G. (1992). The land is yours: Social and economic factors in the privatisation, sub – division and sale of Maasai ranches. Nomadic People 30:26 – 40. Hardin G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science 162: 1243 – 8 Jenhke, H. E. (1982). Livestock production systems and livestock development in tropical Africa. Kiel, Germany. Kieler Wissenschaftsverlog, Vauk. 253 pp Juma, C. and Ojwang, J, B. (1996). In land we trust. Environment, private property and constitutional change. Zen books. UK. 426 pg. Kauzen, A.S. Shechambo, F. C. and Juma, I. (1998). Private and communal property ownership regimes in Tanzania. Land Reforms. FAO. 137 pp. Khanna, P and Kandawar, V. K. (1991). Remote sensing for national development. Current science, Indian Journal of Remote Sensing 61: 121 – 124 Lane C., (1998). Custodian of the commons: pastoral land tenure in east and West Africa, London: Earth scan. 320 pp Lane, C. and I. Swift, (1989). Barabaig natural resource management. In Young, M. D. and O. T. Solbrig (eds). The Worlds savanna, Man and Biosphere Series. Vol 12. UNESCO Publication. pp 93 - 120 Markakis, J. (2006). Pastoralism on the margins. Report. Minority Rights Group International 40 pp. Nori, M. Switzer, J. Crowforwd, A. (2005). Herding on the brink: Towards a Global Survey of Pastoral Communities and Conflicts. IISD. 162 pp. North, D. C. (1995). The new institutional economics and third world economics. In: The new institutional economics and third world economics. Eds. Haris J., J. Hunter. Pp 53 - 98 ODI (2009). Pastoralism, policies and practice in the Horn and East Africa: A review of current trends. Synthesis paper. HPG.4 pp Pratt, D.J. and M.D. Gwynne. (1977). Rangeland Management and ecology in East Africa. London. Hodder and Stoughton. 310 pp. Quenell, A. M. (1956). The Bukoban System of eastern Africa. Intern. Geol. Congr 20th Session. Mexico 1956. Ruthenberg, H. (1980). Farming systems in the tropics. Oxford Scientific Publications: pp 86 –110. Ruttan, V. M. and Y. Hayami, (1984). Towards theory of induced institutional innovation, Journal of Development Studies 20: 203 – 223. Sandford, S. (1983). Management of pastoral development in the third world. Chichester. UK. John Willy & Sons. pp 213 – 228.
HURIA JOURNAL VOL. 16 2014
Stiles, D. (1992). The Gabbra: Traditional society factors in aspects of land-use management. Nomadic Peoples 30:41- 52. Swallow, B. M. (1990). Strategies and tenure in African livestock development. LTC Paper 140. Madison Land Tenure Centre, University of Wisconsin, Madison. pp ix. Swift, J. (1996). Dynamic ecological system and the administration of pastoral development. In Scoones, I. (edt). Living with uncertainty: New directions in pastoral development in pastoral development in Africa. IIED, Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. London. pg153 – 173. UNEP/FAO (2007). Trans-boundary agro-ecosystem management programm for the kagera River basin (TAMP). Report. 102 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (1998). Kagera Region Socio-Economic Profile. 285 pp United Republic of Tanzania, URT (2000). Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Government Printers. Dar Es Salaam. 54 pp. United Republic of Tanzania , URT (1999). The Tanzania Development Vision 2025.President’s Office, Planning Commission. Dar -Es -Salaam. 32 pp United Republic of Tanzania , URT (1995). The National Land Policy Government Printer, DSM. 49 pp United Republic of Tanzania, URT (1997). National Agriculture and Livestock Policy. Ministry of Agriculture. 161 pp United Republic of Tanzania , URT (2010). The Grazing lands and Animal Feed Resources Act No.3 of 2010. Government Printers. Dar-Es-Salaam. 32 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (2001). The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy, The Agricultural Sector Lead Ministries, Dar- Es - Salaam. 73 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (2002). The Agricultural Sector Development Programme, The Agricultural Sector. United Republic of Tanzania , URT (2001). Rural Development Strategy (RDS). The Prime Ministers Office. Dar- Es- Salaam, 88 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (1996). The National Investment Policy. Presidents Office, Planning Commission. Dar_Es-Salaam. 59 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (1997). National Environmental Policy. Vice Presidents Office. Dar-Es-salaam. 44 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (1998). Tanzania Wildlife Policy. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. 41 pp. United Republic of Tanzania, URT (1998). Local Government Reform Programme. Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government. Dar-Es-salaam. 51 pp.
