An Integrated Model to Explain Inter-Relationships in Travel Behaviours
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61538/huria.v15i0.131Abstract
 This study focuses on the decision making process of international tourists traveling to Tanzania. An integrated approach is proposed to understand the interrelationships among tourist motivations, expectations, place identity and place dependence. Specifically, travel motivations directly affect tourist’s expectations and these expectations have impact on place identity and place dependence. Finally, place identity affects place dependence, both being components of place attachment. The model is based on the theory that potential tourists form their experiences in a path order that is at the start or even stage of planning the itinerary, during their stay and finally when building their attachment as well as future choices towards destinations. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data in which a convenience sampling method was employed. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis in which out of 700 collected questionnaires, 504 responses were retained for analysis. The empirical findings of this study recognize and account for the fact that travel motivation can only be understood by focusing on several underlying factors. Also, the empirical findings recognize that different experiences release and stimulate identification processes, which further strengthen the attachment of tourists to the site they visit. Other researchers can make use of theories developed in this study to come up with more lucid models in different contexts.References
Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., and Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4): 644-656.
Bagozzi, R. P., and Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1): 74-94.
Bellenger, D. N., and Korgaonkar, P. K. (1980). Profiling the recreational shopper. Journal of Retailing, 56: 77-91.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioural Change. Psychological Review, 84(2): 191-215.
Bosque, I.R., Collado, J., and Salmones, M. (2009). A Framework for Tourist expectations. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2): 139-147.
Bricker, K. S., and Kerstetter, D. (2000). Level of Specialization and Place Attachment: An Exploratory Study of Whitewater Recreationists. Leisure Sciences, 22(4): 233-257.
Byrne, B. M. (2009). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming (Multivariate Applications). New York: Routledge.
Castro, C. B., Armario, E. M., and Ruiz, D. M. (2007). The Influence of Market Heterogeneity on the Relationship Between a Destination Image and Tourists’ Future Behaviour. Tourism Management, 28(1): 175-187.
Correia, A., Do Valle, P. O., and Moco, C. (2007). Modeling Motivations and Perceptions of Portuguese Tourists. Journal of Business Research, 60(1): 7680.
Crompton, J. L., and Baker, D. A. (2000). Quality, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3): 785-804.
Crotts, J. (2004). The Effect of Cultural Distance on Overseas Travel Behaviors. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2): 83-88.
Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourism Motivations: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2): 189-219.
Dholakia, R. R. (1999). Going Shopping: Key Determinants of Shopping Behaviors and Motivations. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 27: 154-165
Eastlinck, M. A., and Feinberg, R. A. (1999). Shopping Motives for Mail Catalog Shopping. Journal of Business Research, 45: 281-290.
Escapism. The American Heritage, Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/escapism.
Feather, N. T. (Ed.) (1982). Expectations and Actions: Expectancy-Value Models in
Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Geuens, M., Brengman, M., and Jegers, R. (2002). An exploratory study on grocery shopping motivations. In: A. Groeppel-Klein and F. Esch (Eds.), European advances in consumer research, 5, 135-140.
Großpietsch, M. (2007). Maximizing tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction in Rwanda. PhD dissertation. Westphalian Wilhelms-University.
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall.
Hidalgo, M. C., and Hernandez, B. (2001). Place Attachment: Conceptual and Empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21: 273-281.
Hou, J. S., Lin, C. H., and Morais, D. B. (2005). Antecedents of Attachment to a Cultural Tourism Destination: The Case of Hakka and non-Hakka Taiwanese Visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2): 221-233.
Hsu, C. H. C., Cai, L. A., and Li, M. (2010). Expectation, Motivation, and Attitude: A tourist behavior model. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3): 282-296.
Hu, M-L. M., Horng, J-S., and Sun, Y-H, C. (2009). Hospitality teams: Knowledge sharing and service innovation performance. Tourism Management, 30: 41-50.
Hu, Y., and Ritchie, R. (1993). Measuring Destination Attractiveness: A Contextual Approach. Journal Of Travel Research, 31(1): 25-34.
Iso-Ahola, S., and Mannel, R. (1987). Psychological Nature of Leisure and Tourism Experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3): 314-331.
Jonsson-Kvist, A. K., and Klefsjo, B. (2006). Which Service Quality Dimensions are Important in Inbound Tourism? A Case Study in a Peripheral Location. Managing Service Quality, 16(5): 520-537.
Kim, S., and Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing Implications Arising from a Comparative Study of International Pleasure Tourist Motivations and Other
Travel-Related Characteristics of Visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26(3): 347-57.
King, C. A. (1995). What is hospitality? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 14 (3/4): 219-234.
Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative Analysis of Tourist Motivations by Nationality and Destinations. Tourism Management, 23: 221-232.
Kyle, G. T., Bricker, K. S., Graefe, A. R. and Wickham, T. (2004). An examination of Recreationists’ Relationships with Activities and Settings. Leisure Sciences, 26(2): 123-142.
Lee, C. C. and Allen, L. (1999). Understanding Individuals’ Attachment to Selected Destinations: An Application of Place Attachment. Tourism Analysis, 4(3-4): 173-185.
Mill, A. S., and Morrison, A. M. (2002). The Tourism System (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mlozi, S., and Pesämaa, O. (2013). Adventure Tourist Destination Choice in Tanzania. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(1) 63-95.
Mlozi, S., Pesämaa, O., Haahti, A., and Salunke, S. (2012). Determinants of Place Identity and Dependence: The Case of International Tourists in Tanzania. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 12: 97-114.
Moore, R. L., and Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to Recreation Settings: The Case of Rail-Trail Users. Leisure Sciences, 16: 17-31.
Oliver, R., (1981). Measurement and Evaluation of Satisfaction Process in Retail Settings. Journal of Retailing, 57: 25-48
Pearce, P. and U. Lee (2005). Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3): 226-237.
Pesamaa, O., Hair Jr, J. F. and Rylander, D. (2008). Do satisfaction and Attachment mediate the Relationship between service Quality and Loyalty? World Journal of Tourism Small Business Management 2(1): 5-11.
Pike, S., and Ryan, C. (2004). Destination Positioning Analysis Through a Comparison of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4): 333-342.
Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K. and Kminoff, R. (1983). Place identity: Physical World Socialization of the Self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1): 57-83.
Skogland, I., and Siguaw, J. A (2004). Are Your Satisfied Customers Loyal? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 45(3): 221-234.
Shaw, G., and Williams, A. M (2002). Critical Issues in Tourism: A Geographical Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Shim, S., Gehrt, K. C., and Holikova, S. (1998). Shopping Orientation-based Segmentation of US Grocery Shoppers. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 5: 1-19.
Smith, J. W., Siderelis, C., and Moore, R. L. (2010). The effects of Place Attachments, Hypothetical Site Modifications and Use Levels on Recreation Behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(4): 621-640.
Serenko, A., and Stach, A. (2009). The Impact of Expectation Disconfirmation on Customer Loyalty and Recommendation Behavior: Investigating Online Travel and Tourism Services. Journal of Information Technology Management, XX(3): 26-41.
Stevens, F. (1992). Price Value Perceptions of Travellers. Journal of Travel Research, 3: 44-48.
Stokols, D., and Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: ATransactional View of Settings. In J. H. Harvey (ed.) Cognition, Social Behaviour, and the Environment (pp. 441-488) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thach, S. V. and Axinn, C. N. (1994). Patron Assessments of Amusement Park Attributes. Journal of Travel Research, 32: 51-60.
Vaske, J. J. and Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place Attachment And Environmentally Responsible Behaviour. Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4): 16-21.
Westbrook, R. A., and Black, W. C. (1985). A Motivation-Based Typology. Journal of Retailing, 61: 78–103.
Witt, C. A. and Wright, P. L. (1992). Tourism Motivation: Life after Maslow. In, Peter Johnson and Barry Thomas (eds) Choice and Demand in Tourism. London: Mansell.
World Tourism Organization (WTO) (1999). International Tourism: A Global Perspective. Madrid: WTO.
Yoon, Y. and Uysal, M. (2005). An Examination of the Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model. Tourism Management, 26: 45-56.
Yuan, S., and Mc Donald, C (1990). Motivational Determinants of International Pleasure Time. Journal of Travel Research, 24(1): 42-44.