Children Engagement with Literacy: A Study of Literacy Practices at a Multilingual Classroom in Cape Town, South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61538/huria.v24i1.148Abstract
This paper reports on the early literacy activities which children engage with at school to develop multi-competences. It draws an understanding of literacy as a social practice given the intricacies related to a particular literacy event. In this paper literacy is understood beyond reading and writing ability in order to widen the scope for early literacy learners to explore with literacy. The data was collected through ethnographic case study design from a grade three class using observation and document analysis. The class teacher became a resource as she used linguistic competence in English, Afrikaans and IsiXhosa to teach literacy in different situations. The data shows that, language is a resource for teaching and learning literacy instead of seeing it as a problem and barrier to the learning process.  Home language can be an instrument through which children develop cognitive skills for learning. The paper concludes that, despite the efforts to support learners to become multi-literate, teachers’ competence in different languages is necessary to facilitate the acquisition of multilingual skills. ÂReferences
Baker, C. (2006). Foundation of bilingual education and bilingualism (4th edition). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Bloch, C. (1996). Literacy in the Early Years: Teaching and Learning inMultilingual EarlyChildhood Classrooms. PRAESA Occassional
Papers, 6.
Bruner, J. (1996). The culture of education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cook, V. (2008). Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Arnold.
Cummins, J. (2007). Promoting Literacy in Multilingual Contexts. What works? Research into Practice.Available on
www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/litercaynumeracy/inspire/research/what Works.html.Accessed on 2015/02/08.
Cummins, J. V., Bismilla, P., Chow, S., Cohen, F., Giampapa, L., Leoni, P., Sandhu and P. Sastri. (2005). Affirming identity in multilingual classrooms. The Whole Child, 63(1), 38 – 43.
Cummins, J. (1981). Empowering minority students. Sacramento: Califonia Association for Bilingual Education
Department of Education (DoE), (1997). Language in Education Policy. Government Gazette, 17997 (383) Pretoria: Government Printer.
Department of Education (DoE) (2002b. C2005). Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-3 (Schools) Foundation Phase. Pretoria: Department of Education.
Department of Education (DoE) (2002b. C2005). Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-3 (Schools) Languages-English Home Languages. Pretoria: Department of Education.
Department of Education (DoE), (2002a). Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9 (schools) Policy. Government Gazette, 443(23406) Pretoria: Government Printer.
Department of Education (DoE), (2011). National Curriculum Statement Grade R-12 Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). Pretoria: Department of Education.
Department of Education (DoE) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) Foundation Phase Home Language Grades R-3.
Department of Basic Education (DoE), (2011). Report on the Annual National Assessment of 2011. Pretoria: Department of Education.
De Klerk, V. (2002). Language issues in our schools: Whose voice counts? Part 1: The parents speak. Perspective in education, Volume 20 (1).
Edward, V. (2009). Learning to be Literate: Multilingual Perspectives. Great Britain: MPG Books Ltd.
Edwards, V. (1983; 1987). Language in Multicultural classroom. Education in a multicultural society.
Garcia, O. (2009). Bilingual Education in the 21st century: AGlobal Perspective. Singapore: Utopia Press Pte Ltd.
Gambrell, L.B., Morrow, L.M. and Pressley, M. (2007). Best Practices in Literacy Instruction. New York: A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
Gibbons, P. (2002). Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning: Teaching Second Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom. United States of America: Heinemann.
Goodman, K.S. (1992). Why whole language is today’s agenda in education. Language Arts, 69, (188-199).
Gregory, E. (1997). One child, many worlds: early learning in multicultural communities. USA: David Fulton Publishers.
Heath, S. (1983). Ways with words. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Health, S. (1986). Socio-cultural contexts of language development. In Beyond language, social and cultural factors in schooling language minority children (pp.143-186). Los Angeles: Evaluation,
Dissemination and assessment center, California State University.
Hill, A.M. (2009). “An investigation into reasons for underperformance in Literacy in Grades 3 and 6 in selected national quantiles 1,2,and
schools in the Western Cape Educational Departmentâ€. Educational Papers and Report. Paper 4. [Online]. Available: http://dk.cput.ac.za/ed_Papers/4. [Accessed on 20march, 2011].
Howie, S; Venter, E; and van Staden, S. 2006. The effect of multilingual policies on performance and progression in reading literacy in South African primary schools. University of Pretoria. SouthAfrica. [Online]. Available: http://www.iea.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/IRC2006/IEA_ Program/PIRLS/Howie_et_all_2_final.pdf. [Accessed on 3November, 2010].
Howie, S., Venter, E., van Staden, S., Zimmerman, L., Long, C., Scherman,
V. and Archer, E. (2007). Progress in reading literacy study (PIRLS):
South African children’s reading achievement. Summary report. University of Pretoria.
Jarvis, S. and Pavlenko, A. (2008). Crosslinguistic influence in language and cognition. New York and London: Routledge.
Jewitt, C. &andKress, G. (2003). Multimodal Literacy. New York: Peter Lang publishing.
Jordaane, S. and Pillay, R. (2009). Beginning my journey of professional development: The Language Teacher and the Teaching Profession. In Ferreira, A. (ed.). Teaching Language. (pp.1 – 10). Northlands: Macmillan South Africa.
Kenner, C. (2000). Children writing in a multilingual nursery. In, M. Martin-Jones and K. Jones (eds) Multilingual literacies: Reading and Writing Different worlds. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Krashen, S.D. (1987). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International
Krashen, S.D. (1988). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International
Kress, G. (1997). Before writing: Rethinking the paths to literacy. London, New York: Routledge.
Langer, J. (1984). Examining background knowledge and text comprehension: Reading Research Quarterly, 68, (629-481).
Latham, D. (2002). How children learn to write: Supporting and Developing Children’s Writing in School. London: Sage.
Martin-Jones, M. and Jones, K. (2000). Multilingual literacies: Reading and Writing Different worlds. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Perez, B. (1994). Spanish literacy development: A descriptive study of four bilingual whole langiage classroom. Journal of Reading Behaviour, (26) 14-94.
Phillipson, Robert. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-437146-8
Pinker, S. (2009). Language Learnability and Language Development, With New Commentary by the Author. Harvard University Press.
Prinsloo, M. and Stein, P. (2004). ‘What’s inside the box’? Children early encounters with literacy in South African classrooms. Perspectives in Education, 22(2): 67-84.
Prinsloo, C.H. and Heugh, K. (2013). The role of language and literacy in preparing South African learners for educational success: Lessons learnt from a classroom study in Limpopo Province. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
Raison. G. (1994). Writing Developmental Contiuun. Education Department of Western Australia, Australia: Addison Wesley Longman.
Reeves, C., Heugh, K., Prinsloo, C.H., Macdonald, C., Netshitangani, T. (2008). Evaluation of literacyteaching in primary schools inLimpopo Province. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
Scribner, S. and Cole, M. (1981). The psychology of literacy. Cabridge, MA: Havard University Press.
Snow, C.E. (2014). Language, literacy and the needs of the multilingual child.Perspectives in Education Special Issue. 32(1), 7 – 16.
Street, B. (1984). Literacy in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Street, B. (1993). Introduction: The New Literacy studies. In: B Street (eds.) Cross-cultural Approaches to literacy. Cambridge: University Press, 1-22.
Street, B. (1995). Social Literacies. London: Longman.
Street, B. (eds.) (1997). Social Literacies. In V. Edwards & D. Corson (eds.) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2, 33-41Dordrecht: Kluwer,.
Street, B. (2000). “Literacy events and Literacy Practicesâ€: Theory and Practice in the New Literacy Studies. In: M. Martin-Jones and K. Jones (eds) Multilingual Literacies: Reading and Writing different Worlds. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s, 18-29.
Street, B. (eds.) (2005). Literacies Across Educational Contexts: Mediating Learning and Teachin. Philadelphia, PA: Caslon Publishing.
Street, B. (2006). Understanding and Defining Literacy. Paper commissioned for Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2006, Literacy for life: 1-25. [Online]. Available:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001461/146186e.pdf/ [Accessed: March 2011].
Schickedanz, J. (1999). Much more than the ABC: The early stages of readinBKNg and writing. Washngton DC: NAEYC.
Turner, J. and Youb, K. (2005). Learning about Building Literacy Communities in Multicultural and Multilingual Classrooms from
Effective Elementary Teachers. Literacy Teaching and Learning 10(1), 21 – 41.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Western Cape Education Department, (2006). WCED Literacy and Numeracy strategy 2006-2016. Provincial Government of the Western Cape. Cape Town: Government Printers.
Western Cape Provincial Government, (2007). Launch of the WECD Language Transformation Plan by Western Cape MEC for Education, Mr. Cameroon Dugmore. Cape Town. 03 February.
Wongfillmore, L. (1979). Individual differences in Second Language acquisition. In D.J. Fillmore, D. Kempler and W.S. Wange (Eds), Individual differences in language ability and language behavior (PP-203228) San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Yilmaz, K. (2008). Constructivism: Its Theoretical Underpinnings, Variations, and Implications for Classroom Instruction. Educational Horizons, 86(3), 161–172.