Effects of the Ihefu Wetlands Ecosystem on Livelihood of Local Communities in Mbarali District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

Abstract

This study examines the effects of Ihefu Wetlands ecosystem on livelihood of local communities in Mbarali District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania. Wetlands are vital life-support ecosystems, providing water year-round and fertile land for farming and grazing. The research addressed two objectives: challenges facing Ihefu Wetlands and their importance in supporting livelihoods of local communities. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques where an exploratory descriptive design was adopted. Sampling techniques used in this paper was purposive and simple random sampling. Data were collected from 150 respondents through questionnaires, interviews, and observations, while 31 journal articles were reviewed for documentary analysis. Statistical software used in this study was SPSS version 25 where data were analysed using Chi-square test, percentages, frequencies and narratives. Findings revealed that 74.7% of respondents identified wetlands as the primary source of water, 65.3% considered wetlands as wildlife habitats, while 65% identified agricultural encroachment as the major threat. However, unsustainable farming and overgrazing threaten their integrity. The study emphasises raising awareness, enforcing laws, and involving local communities in conservation efforts. Recommendations include reducing livestock numbers, controlling grazing, and penalising wetland degradation. These results highlight key factors contributing to wetland decline and inform future conservation efforts.