The Quest for Regulated Social Work Ethical Practice in Tanzania: A Comparative Historical Review

Abstract

Background: Social work in Tanzania remains under-regulated, with professional practice largely guided by social welfare sector laws and policies rather than specific social work statutory frameworks. This gap raises concerns about ethical accountability, training standards, and alignment with international norms. This review examined the state of social work regulation in Tanzania, situating it within systems theory and comparing it to statutory models in other African countries and internationally. A historical comparative review was conducted, analyzing Tanzanian policy documents, reports from the Law Reform Commission, and comparative legislation from England, the United States, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, Seychelles, and Kenya. The comparative analysis was applied to identify structural, ethical, and regulatory gaps. The review revealed that Tanzania’s social work practice faces systemic ethical challenges due to fragmented institutional structures. In contrast, African peers have established statutory councils that enforce registration, licensing, and ethical oversight. These bodies have elevated professional recognition, standardized training, and strengthened public trust. The comparative analysis underscored the relevance of statutory regulation for Tanzania. Namibia’s integration of social work and psychology, South Africa’s broad professional council, and Zimbabwe’s sanction of unregistered practice illustrate diverse pathways for embedding accountability. These models highlight the importance of grounding ethical practice in interconnected institutional laws, policies, and regulations. To align with regional and global standards, Tanzania should consider establishing a statutory social work council. Such a body would enhance professional recognition, enforce ethical compliance, and harmonize practice with African and international frameworks, thereby strengthening the welfare system and protecting vulnerable populations.